ISO負(fù)責(zé)除電工,、電子領(lǐng)域和軍工,、石油、船舶制造之外的很多重要領(lǐng)域的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化活動(dòng),。ISO現(xiàn)有117個(gè)成員,,包括117個(gè)國家和地區(qū),。ISO的*權(quán)利機(jī)構(gòu)是每年一次的“全體大會(huì)”,其日常辦事機(jī)構(gòu)是中央秘書處,,設(shè)在瑞士日內(nèi)瓦,。中央秘書處現(xiàn)有170名職員,由秘書長領(lǐng)導(dǎo),。ISO的宗旨是“在世界上促進(jìn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化及其相關(guān)活動(dòng)的發(fā)展,,以便于商品和服務(wù)的國際交換,在智力,、科學(xué),、技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域開展合作�,!盜SO通過它的2856個(gè)技術(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)開展技術(shù)活動(dòng),,其中技術(shù)委員會(huì)(簡稱SC)共611個(gè),工作組(WG)2022個(gè),,特別工作組38個(gè),。*于1978年加入ISO,在2008年10月的第31屆國際化標(biāo)準(zhǔn)組織大會(huì)上,,*正式成為ISO的常任理事國,。許多人注意到國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織(International Organization for Standardization)的全名與縮寫之間存在差異,為什么不是“IOS”呢,?其實(shí),,“ISO”并不是首字母縮寫,而是一個(gè)詞,,它來源于希臘語,,意為“相等”。從“相等”到“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”,,內(nèi)涵上的聯(lián)系使“ISO”成為組織的名稱,。
國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織的前身是國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化協(xié)會(huì)國際聯(lián)合會(huì)和聯(lián)合國標(biāo)準(zhǔn)協(xié)調(diào)委員會(huì)。1946年10月,,25個(gè)國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化機(jī)構(gòu)的代表在倫敦召開大會(huì),,決定成立新的國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化機(jī)構(gòu),定名為ISO,。大會(huì)起草了ISO的*章程和議事規(guī)則,,并認(rèn)可通過了該章程草案。1947年2月23日,,國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織正式成立,。
其宗旨是:在世界范圍內(nèi)促進(jìn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化工作的發(fā)展,以利于國際物資交流和互助,,并擴(kuò)大知識(shí),、科學(xué),、技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的合作。其主要任務(wù)是:制定國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn),,協(xié)調(diào)世界范圍內(nèi)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化工作,,與其他國際性組織合作研究有關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化問題。
國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織是一個(gè)全球性的非政府組織,,是國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化領(lǐng)域中一個(gè)十分重要的組織,。許多人會(huì)注意到,“ISO”與國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織全稱(International Organization for Standardization)的縮寫并不相同,,為什么不是"IOS”呢,?其實(shí),"ISO"并不是其全稱首字母的縮寫,,而是一個(gè)詞,,它來源于希臘語isos,意為“相等”,,現(xiàn)在有一系列用它作前綴的詞,,諸如"isometric”(意為“尺寸相等”)"isonomy”(意為“法律平等”)。從“相等”到“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”,,內(nèi)涵上的聯(lián)系使"ISO”成為組織的名稱,。
ISO是一個(gè)國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織,其成員由來自世界上100多個(gè)國家的國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化團(tuán)體組成,,代表*參加ISO的國家機(jī)構(gòu)是國家質(zhì)量監(jiān)督檢驗(yàn)檢疫總局(AQSIQ),。ISO與國際電工委員會(huì)(IEC)有密切的聯(lián)系,*參加IEC的國家機(jī)構(gòu)也是國家質(zhì)量監(jiān)督檢驗(yàn)檢疫總局,。ISO和IEC作為一個(gè)整體擔(dān)負(fù)著制訂全球協(xié)商一致的國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的任務(wù),,ISO和IEC都是非政府機(jī)構(gòu),它們制訂的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)實(shí)質(zhì)上是自愿性的,,這就意味著這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)必須是優(yōu)秀的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),它們會(huì)給工業(yè)和服務(wù)業(yè)帶來收益,,所以他們自覺使用這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn),。ISO和IEC不是聯(lián)合國機(jī)構(gòu),但它們與聯(lián)合國的許多專門機(jī)構(gòu)保持技術(shù)聯(lián)絡(luò)關(guān)系,。ISO和IEC有約1000個(gè)專業(yè)技術(shù)委員會(huì)和分委員會(huì),,各會(huì)員國以國家為單位參加這些技術(shù)委員會(huì)和分委員會(huì)的活動(dòng)。ISO和IEC還有約3000個(gè)工作組,,ISO,、IEC每年制訂和修訂1000個(gè)國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的內(nèi)容涉及廣泛,,從基礎(chǔ)的緊固件,、軸承各種原材料到半成品和成品,,其技術(shù)領(lǐng)域涉及信息技術(shù)、交通運(yùn)輸,、農(nóng)業(yè),、保健和環(huán)境等。每個(gè)工作機(jī)構(gòu)都有自己的工作計(jì)劃,,該計(jì)劃列出需要制訂的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)項(xiàng)目(試驗(yàn)方法,、術(shù)語、規(guī)格,、性能要求等),。
ISO的主要功能是為人們制訂國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)達(dá)成一致意見提供一種機(jī)制。其主要機(jī)構(gòu)及運(yùn)作規(guī)則都在一本名為ISO/IEC技術(shù)工作導(dǎo)則的文件中予以規(guī)定,,其技術(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)在ISO是有800個(gè)技術(shù)委員會(huì)和分委員會(huì),,它們各有一個(gè)主席和一個(gè)秘書處,秘書處是由各成員國分別擔(dān)任,,承擔(dān)秘書國工作的成員團(tuán)體有30個(gè),,各秘書處與位于日內(nèi)瓦的ISO中央秘書處保持直接聯(lián)系。
通過這些工作機(jī)構(gòu),,ISO已經(jīng)發(fā)布了17000多個(gè)國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn),,如ISO公制螺紋、ISO的A4紙張尺寸,、ISO的集裝箱系列(世界上95%的海運(yùn)集裝箱都符合ISO標(biāo)準(zhǔn)),、ISO的膠片速度代碼、ISO的開放系統(tǒng)互聯(lián)(OS2)系列(廣泛用于信息技術(shù)領(lǐng)域)和有名的ISO9000質(zhì)量管理系列標(biāo)準(zhǔn),。
此外,,ISO還與450個(gè)國際和區(qū)域的組織在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方面有聯(lián)絡(luò)關(guān)系,特別與國際電信聯(lián)盟(ITU)有密切聯(lián)系,。在ISO/IEC系統(tǒng)之外的國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)機(jī)構(gòu)共有28個(gè),。每個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)都在某一領(lǐng)域制訂一些國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn),通常它們?cè)诼?lián)合國控制之下,。一個(gè)典型的例子就是世界衛(wèi)生組織(WHO),。ISO/IEC 制訂的85%的國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn),剩下的15%由這28個(gè)其他國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)機(jī)構(gòu)制訂,。
ISO的組織機(jī)構(gòu)如下:
全體大會(huì) 主要官員 成員團(tuán)體 通信成員
捐助成員 政策發(fā)展委員會(huì) 理事會(huì) ISO中央秘書處
特別咨詢組 技術(shù)管理處 標(biāo)樣委員會(huì) 技術(shù)咨詢組
技術(shù)委員 合格評(píng)定委員會(huì)(CASCO)
消費(fèi)者政策委員會(huì)(COPOLCO)
發(fā)展*家事務(wù)委員會(huì)(DEVCO)
信息系統(tǒng)和服務(wù)委員會(huì)(INFCO) 特別咨詢小組技術(shù)管理局
技術(shù)委員會(huì)TC 理事會(huì) 中央秘書處 ISO全體大會(huì)
ISO的組織機(jī)構(gòu)分為非常設(shè)機(jī)構(gòu)和常設(shè)機(jī)構(gòu),。ISO的*權(quán)力機(jī)構(gòu)是ISO全體大會(huì)(General Assembly),是ISO的非常設(shè)機(jī)構(gòu),。1994年以前,,全體大會(huì)每3年召開一次。全體大會(huì)召開時(shí),,所有ISO團(tuán)體成員,、通信成員,、與ISO有聯(lián)絡(luò)關(guān)系的國際組織均派代表與會(huì),每個(gè)成員有3個(gè)正式代表的席位,,多于3位以的代表以觀察員的身份與會(huì),;全體大會(huì)的規(guī)模大約200~260人。大會(huì)的主要議程包括年度報(bào)告中涉及的有關(guān)項(xiàng)目的活動(dòng)情況,、ISO的戰(zhàn)略計(jì)劃以及財(cái)政情況等,。ISO中央秘書處承擔(dān)全體大會(huì)、全體大會(huì)設(shè)立的4個(gè)政策制定委員會(huì),、理事會(huì),、技術(shù)管理局和通用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化原理委員會(huì)的秘書處的工作。自1994年開始根據(jù)ISO新章程,,ISO全體大會(huì)改為一年一次,。
ISO的主要官員有5位,他們是:ISO主席(President),;ISO副主席(政策)(Vice President,,Policy),ISO副主席(技術(shù))(Vice President,,Technical Management),;ISO司庫(Treasurer);ISO秘書長(Secretary—General),,所有主要官員由理事會(huì)任命,,享有終身任期;ISO秘書長負(fù)責(zé)主持ISO的日常工作,。
國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)由技術(shù)委員會(huì)(TC)和分技術(shù)委員會(huì)(SC)經(jīng)過六個(gè)階段形成:
——*階段:申請(qǐng)階段,;
——第二階段:預(yù)備階段;
——第三階段:委員會(huì)階段,;
——第四階段:審查階段,;
——第五階段:批準(zhǔn)階段;
——第六階段:發(fā)布階段,。
截止2013年5月,,ISO共有163個(gè)成員國。(下載成員國名單PDF文件)
Country A2 Code Country A3 Code Country Code No. Country Name (English) Standards Body ISO Status
AF AFG 004 Afghanistan ANSA Correspondent Member
AL ALB 008 Albania DPS Correspondent Member
DZ DZA 012 Algeria IANOR Member Body
AD AND 020 Andorra IRAM Member Body
AO AGO 024 Angola IANORQ Correspondent Member
AG ATG 028 Antigua & Barbuda ABBS Subscriber Member
AR ARG 032 Argentina IRAM Member Body
AM ARM 051 Armenia SARM Member Body
AU AUS 036 Australia SA Member Body
AT AUT 040 Austria ON Member Body
AZ AZE 031 Azerbaijan AZSTAND Member Body
BS BHS 044 Bahamas -
BH BHR 048 Bahrain BMSD Member Body
BD BGD 050 Bangladesh BSTI Member Body
BB BRB 052 Barbados BNSI Member Body
BY BLR 112 Belarus BELST Member Body
BE BEL 056 Belgium NBN Member Body
BZ BLZ 084 Belize -
BJ BEN 204 Benin CEBENOR Correspondent Member
BT BTN 064 Bhutan SQCA Correspondent Member
BO BOL 068 Bolivia IBNORCA Correspondent Member
BA BIH 070 Bosnia & Herzegovina BASMP Member Body
BW BWA 072 Botswana BOBS Member Body
BR BRA 076 Brazil ABNT Member Body
BN BRB 096 Brunei Darussalam CPRU Correspondent Member
BG BGR 100 Bulgaria BDS Member Body
BF BFA 854 Burkina Faso FASONORM Correspondent Member
BI BDI 108 Burundi BBN Subscriber Member
KH KHM 116 Cambodia ISC Subscriber Member
CM CMR 120 Cameroon CDNQ Correspondent Member
CA CAN 124 Canada SCC Member Body
CV CPV 132 Cape Verde -
CF CAF 140 Central African Republic -
TD TCD 148 Chad -
CL CHL 52 Chile INN Member Body
CN CHN 156 China SAC Member Body
CO COL 170 Colombia ICONTEC Member Body
KM COM 174 Comoros -
CG COG 178 Congo, Republic of the -
CD(ZR) COD 180 Congo, Democratic Republic of the (Zaire) OCC Member Body
CR CRI 188 Costa Rica INTECO Member Body
CI CIV 384 C?te d'Ivoire CODINORM Member Body
HR HRV 191 Croatia HZN Member Body
CU CUB 192 Cuba NC Member Body
CY CYP 196 Cyprus CYS Member Body
CZ CZE 203 Czech Republic CNI Member Body
DK DNK 208 Denmark DS Member Body
DJ DJI 262 Djibouti -
DM DMA 212 Dominica DBOS Subscriber Member
DO DOM 214 Dominican Republic DIGINOR Correspondent Member
EC ECU 218 Ecuador INEN Member Body
EG EGY 818 Egypt EOS Member Body
SV SLV 222 El Salvador CONACYT Correspondent Member
GQ GNQ 226 Equatorial Guinea -
ER ERI 232 Eritrea ESI Correspondent Member
EE EST 233 Estonia EVS Correspondent Member
ET ETH 231 Ethiopia QSAE Member Body
FJ FJI 242 Fiji FTSQCO Member Body
FI FIN 246 Finland SFS Member Body
FR FRA 250 France AFNOR Member Body
GA GAB 266 Gabon CNTT Correspondent Member
GM GMB 270 Gambia, The -
GE GEO 268 Georgia GEOSTM Correspondent Member
DE DEU 276 Germany DIN Member Body
GH GHA 288 Ghana GSB Member Body
GR GRC 300 Greece ELOT Member Body
GD GRD 308 Grenada -
GT GTM 320 Guatemala COGUANOR Correspondent Member
GN GIN 324 Guinea INNM Correspondent Member
GW GNB 624 Guinea-Bissau DSNPQ Correspondent Member
GY GUY 328 Guyana GNBS Subscriber Member
HT HTI 332 Haiti -
HN HND 340 Honduras COHCIT Subscriber Member
HK HKG 344 Hong Kong, China ITCHKSAR Correspondent Member
HU HUN 348 Hungary MSZT Member Body
IS ISL 352 Iceland IST Member Body
IN IND 356 India BIS Member Body
ID IDN 360 Indonesia BSN Member Body
IR IRN 364 Iran, Islamic Republic of ISIRTI Member Body
IQ IRW 368 Iraq COSQC Member Body
IE IRL 372 Ireland NSAI Member Body
IL ISR 376 Israel SII Member Body
IT ITA 380 Italy UNI Member Body
JM JAM 388 Jamaica JBS Member Body
JP JPN 392 Japan JISC Member Body
JO JOR 400 Jordan JISM Member Body
KZ KAZ 398 Kazakhstan KAZMEMST Member Body
KE KEN 404 Kenya KEBS Member Body
KI KIR 296 Kiribati -
KP PRK 408 Korea, Democratic People's Republic CSK Member Body
KR KOR 410 Korea, Republic of KATS Member Body
KW KWT 414 Kuwait KOWSMD Member Body
KG KGZ 417 Kyrgyzstan KYRGYZST Correspondent Member
LA LAO 418 Laos (Lao People's Democratic Republic) DISM Subscriber Member
LV LVA 428 Latvia LVS Correspondent Member
LB LBN 422 Lebanon LIBNOR Member Body
LS LSO 426 Lesotho LSQAS Subscriber Member
LR LBR 430 Liberia -
LY LBY 434 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya LNCSM Member Body
LI LIE 438 Liechtenstein -
LT LTU 440 Lithuania LST Correspondent Member
LU LUX 442 Luxembourg SEE Member Body
MO MAC 446 Macau (Macau China) CPTTM Correspondent Member
MK MKD 807 Macedonia, The former Yugoslav Republic of ISRM Member Body
MG MDG 450 Madagascar BNM Correspondent Member
MW MWI 454 Malawi MBS Correspondent Member
MY MYS 458 Malaysia DSM Member Body
MV MDV 462 Maldives -
ML MLI 466 Mali MLIDNI Correspondent Member
MT MLT 470 Malta MSA Member Body
MH MHL 584 Marshall Islands -
MR MRT 478 Mauritania -
MU MUS 480 Mauritius MSB Member Body
MX MEX 484 Mexico DGN Member Body
FM FSM 583 Micronesia, Federated States Of -
MD MDA 498 Moldova, Republic of MOLDST Correspondent Member
MC MCO 492 Monaco -
MN MNG 496 Mongolia MASM Member Body
(YS) - - Montenegro ISME Correspondent Member
MA MAR 504 Morocco SNIMA Member Body
MZ MOZ 508 Mozambique INNOQ Correspondent Member
MM MMR 104 Myanmar MSTRD Correspondent Member
NA NAM 516 Namibia NSIQO Correspondent Member
NR NRU 520 Nauru -
NP NPL 524 Nepal NBSM Correspondent Member
NL NLD 528 The Netherlands NEN Member Body
NZ NZL 554 New Zealand SNZ Member Body
NI NIC 558 Nicaragua DTNM Correspondent Member
NE NER 562 Niger DNQM Correspondent Member
NG NGA 566 Nigeria SON Member Body
NO NOR 578 Norway SN Member Body
OM OMN 512 Oman DGSM Member Body
PK PAK 586 Pakistan PSQCA Member Body
PW PLW 585 Palau -
PS PSE 275 Palestinian State PSI Correspondent Member
PA PAN 591 Panama COPANIT Member Body
PG PNG 598 Papua New Guinea NISIT Correspondent Member
PY PRY 600 Paraguay INTN Correspondent Member
PE PER 604 Peru INDECOPI Member Body
PH PHL 608 The Philippines BPS Member Body
PL POL 616 Poland PKN Member Body
PT PRT 620 Portugal IPQ Member Body
QA QAT 634 Qatar QS Member Body
RO ROU 642 Romania ASRO Member Body
RU RUS 643 Russian Federation GOST R Member Body
RW RWA 646 Rwanda RBS Correspondent Member
KN KNA 659 St. Kitts & Nevis -
LC LCA 662 St. Lucia SLBS Member Body
VC VCT 670 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines SVGBS Subscriber Member
WS WSM 882 Samoa -
SM SMR 674 San Marino -
ST STP 678 S?o Tomé & Príncipe -
SA SAU 682 Saudi Arabia SASO Member Body
SN SEN 686 Senegal ASN Correspondent Member
CS SCG 891 Serbia ISS Member Body
SC SYC 690 Seychelles SBS Correspondent Member
SL SLE 694 Sierra Leone -
SG SGP 702 Singapore SPRING SG Member Body
SK SVK 703 Slovakia SUTN Member Body
SI SVN 705 Slovenia SIST Member Body
SB SLB 090 Solomon Islands -
SO SOM 706 Somalia -
ZA ZAF 710 South Africa SABS Member Body
ES ESP 724 Spain AENOR . Member Body
LK LKA 144 Sri Lanka SLSI Member Body
SD SDN 736 Sudan SSMO Member Body
SR SUR 740 Suriname SSB Subscriber member
SZ SWZ 748 Swaziland SQAS Correspondent Member
SE SWE 752 Sweden SIS Member Body
CH CHE 756 Switzerland SNV Member Body
SY SYR 760 Syrian Arab Republic SASMO Member Body
TW TWN 158 Taiwan -
TJ TJK 762 Tajikistan TJKSTN Correspondent Member
TZ TZA 834 Tanzania, United Republic of TBS Member Body
TH THA 764 Thailand TISI Member Body
TL(TP) TLS 206 Timor Leste, Democratic Republic of (East Timor) -
TG TGO 768 Togo CSN Correspondent Member
TO TON 776 Tonga -
TT TTO 780 Trinidad & Tobago TTBS Member Body
TN TUN 788 Tunisia INNORPI Member Body
TR TUR 792 Turkey TSE Member Body
TM TKM 795 Turkmenistan MSST Correspondent Member
TV TUV 798 Tuvalu -
UG UGA 800 Uganda UNBS Correspondent Member
UA UKR 804 Ukraine DSSU Member Body
AE ARE 784 United Arab Emirates ESMA Member Body
UK GBR 826 United Kingdom (Great Britain) BSI Member Body
US USA 840 United States ANSI Member Body
UY URY 858 Uruguay UNIT Member Body
UZ UZB 860 Uzbekistan UZSTANDARD Member Body
VU VUT 548 Vanuatu -
VA VAT 336 Vatican City (Holy See) -
VE VEN 862 Venezuela FONDONORMA Member Body
VN VNM 704 Vietnam TCVN Member Body
EH ESH 732 Western Sahara -
YE YEM 887 Yemen YSMO Correspondent Member
ZM ZMB 894 Zambia ZABS Correspondent Member
ZW ZWE 816 Zimbabwe SAZ Member Body
Tips:
1.Does not have representation in ISO under any membership class as of January 2008.
2.Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia were part of Former Yugoslavia. Although it is a country, ISO 3166-1993 (E) does not separately list Montenegro.
3.Although not technically a Country, the Palestinian State has representation in ISO as if it was.
4.Although technically the official country name for the 'UK' is the 'United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland' it is referred to as 'Great Britain' by the ISO.
5.Although technically they are Countries, England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland are not listed separately from Great Britain in ISO 3166-1993 (E) and do not have their own ISO representation.
ISO質(zhì)量體系標(biāo)準(zhǔn)包括ISO9000,、ISO9001,、ISO9004,。ISO9000標(biāo)準(zhǔn)明確了質(zhì)量管理和質(zhì)量保證體系,,適用于生產(chǎn)型及服務(wù)型企業(yè)。ISO9001標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為從事和審核質(zhì)量管理和質(zhì)量保證體系提供了指導(dǎo)方針,。
ISO9000質(zhì)量體系標(biāo)準(zhǔn)包括了3個(gè)體系標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和8條指導(dǎo)方針,。3個(gè)體系標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分別是ISO9001,、9002和9003;8個(gè)指導(dǎo)方針是ISO9000-1至4和ISO9004-1至4,。其中首要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是ISO9001,,它為設(shè)計(jì)、制造產(chǎn)品及提供服務(wù)的組織,,明確指出了一套完整質(zhì)量體系中的20條要素,。ISO9002為只制造產(chǎn)品但不設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)品及提供服務(wù)的組織明確指出了19條要素。ISO9003為只進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)的組織明確指出了16條要素,。ISO9000標(biāo)準(zhǔn)每5至7年修訂一次,。*批標(biāo)準(zhǔn)已于1987年公布,*次修訂則公布于1994年,,第二次修訂于2000年公布,,第三次修訂于2008年公布,新的修訂本再過3年將取代現(xiàn)行譯本,。
ISO9001的新修訂本要包括一個(gè)單一質(zhì)量體系標(biāo)準(zhǔn),。其指明了ISO9001將適用于一切組織。它將涉及以下4個(gè)部分:管理職責(zé),、資源管理,、工序管理、測(cè)量,、分析及改進(jìn),。資源管理這部分是全新的,其它部分包含了新項(xiàng)目,。新修訂本將包含所有舊的要求,,并增加了附加管理要求、工序管理要求,,工序測(cè)量及改進(jìn)要求,。
ISO/iec對(duì)于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)檢驗(yàn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室的承認(rèn)及其被規(guī)定的權(quán)限標(biāo)準(zhǔn)包括ISO指導(dǎo)25、58,、61,、62及65。ISO/iec指導(dǎo)58明確了對(duì)認(rèn)可標(biāo)準(zhǔn),、檢驗(yàn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室的要求,。ISO/iec指導(dǎo)61明確對(duì)認(rèn)可產(chǎn)品認(rèn)證的及質(zhì)量體系注冊(cè)團(tuán)體的要求。ISO/iec指導(dǎo)62明確了對(duì)質(zhì)量體系的要求,。ISO/iec指導(dǎo)65明確了對(duì)產(chǎn)品認(rèn)證的要求,。ISO/iec指導(dǎo)用于對(duì)產(chǎn)品及服務(wù)的一致性評(píng)估。存在于國家認(rèn)可要求中的分歧由國際及區(qū)域性認(rèn)可合作組織進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)。為縮短電訊設(shè)施及其它被校對(duì)產(chǎn)品的一致性評(píng)估過程,,制定了相互承認(rèn)協(xié)定(mras),,為協(xié)定將縮短和減少獲得產(chǎn)品和質(zhì)量體系認(rèn)證的時(shí)間和成本。
ISO9000認(rèn)證需要一個(gè)同ISO9001相一致的正在運(yùn)行的質(zhì)量體系,,由注冊(cè)團(tuán)體所作的成功且獨(dú)立的評(píng)估,。為了維持認(rèn)證,注冊(cè)團(tuán)體需要每6或12個(gè)月進(jìn)行監(jiān)督評(píng)估,,每到3年還要進(jìn)行一次全面再評(píng)估,。
ISO9000系列2000版以后的版本,將9002和9003融合到ISO9001:2000標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中,。所以用于認(rèn)證的只有ISO9001,,ISO9002和ISO9003已經(jīng)退出歷史舞臺(tái)。ISO9004是業(yè)績改進(jìn)指南,,不用于認(rèn)證,,只用于組織內(nèi)部綜合績效改進(jìn)指南。
第1步:制定一項(xiàng)實(shí)施ISO質(zhì)量體系標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的計(jì)劃,;
第2步:參照ISO質(zhì)量體系標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)現(xiàn)存的質(zhì)量體系進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),;
第3步:采取正確行動(dòng)來遵守所有ISO質(zhì)量體系要求;
第4步:建立文件和記錄系統(tǒng),;
第5步:完成質(zhì)量手冊(cè)并使之行之有效,;
第6步:讓注冊(cè)團(tuán)體安排一次評(píng)估前的審核;
第7步:被認(rèn)證組織為正式評(píng)估做準(zhǔn)備,;
第8步:注冊(cè)團(tuán)體實(shí)行評(píng)估審核,。
ISO9000認(rèn)證在正常情況下在美國需要花1年或更長一段時(shí)間來完成。如果現(xiàn)存的質(zhì)量體系已包括所有的ISO9000要素,,那么所用的時(shí)間會(huì)少于1年,。需要一支實(shí)施隊(duì)伍在正常情況下付出3至6人1年的勞動(dòng),還需要注冊(cè)團(tuán)體提供3年有償服務(wù),。注冊(cè)團(tuán)體的外部成本將保持在75000美元至150000美元之間,,而這將取決于被認(rèn)證組織的規(guī)模。內(nèi)部成本和外部成本大致相當(dāng),。
ISO9000質(zhì)量體系提供了信息及工序控制機(jī)制用來更有效地管理企業(yè),。ISO質(zhì)量體系可以控制質(zhì)量成本,減少浪費(fèi)和提高生產(chǎn)率,。顧客將對(duì)來自有質(zhì)量體系認(rèn)證的企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品更感興趣,,行之有效的質(zhì)量體系也能改進(jìn)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量,這兩個(gè)因素將提高企業(yè)及其產(chǎn)品在開放市場(chǎng)的中的競(jìng)爭力,。
1998年被調(diào)查的一大批美國公司承認(rèn)下列ISO9000認(rèn)證所帶來的內(nèi)部利益:更好的文件提供,,雇員中更加濃厚的質(zhì)量意識(shí),,公司內(nèi)部聯(lián)系的增加。辦公效率及和生產(chǎn)率的提高,。這些公司同樣承認(rèn)了下列ISO9000認(rèn)證所帶來的外部利益;顧客對(duì)質(zhì)量劣好的領(lǐng)悟,,競(jìng)爭優(yōu)勢(shì)是提高及顧客對(duì)質(zhì)量審查的減少,。
1998年被調(diào)查的一小批美國制造公司承認(rèn)下列ISO9000認(rèn)證所帶來的內(nèi)部和外部利益:產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的改善,顧客注意程度的增加,,為重新設(shè)計(jì)功能步驟而形成的基礎(chǔ),,市場(chǎng)份額的增加;21%的公司稱質(zhì)量認(rèn)證對(duì)質(zhì)量體系及產(chǎn)品沒有產(chǎn)生效果,。